Inequality Race And Racism. The Race Is A Social Construct

Inequality: Race and Racism The race is a social construct that has real life consequences. The race is a fiction created by the dominant part of the society in order to legitimize their supremacy on those they wish to regulate. Racism: a term that was first coined by the Nazis in the 1930s in their attempt to make Germany clean of Jews . The race is a social construct that has both biological and cultural aspects but not based on scientific truths. The origin of the racial differences can be tracked down back to the 1830s when the British encountered the aboriginal people in Tasmania during the expansion of British empire and trade. The British noticed great physical and cultural differences between themselves and the Tasmanians. The†¦show more content†¦It was well established that cultural and behavioral characteristics were associated with the physical appearances such as the color of skin, the size of the skull, etc. Dr. Robert Knox in his book â€Å"The Races of Men: A Fragment†, says race is everything and the civilization depends on it. According to his scientific studies, humans with small skulls were considered as lower races and perhaps were not humans at all, as skull contained the brain, a very important part of human body . Black people were considered as animals and even kept in human zoos for entrainment of the whites. In the 19th century, violence was at its peak in Africa, where the black men were under control of the British. This was the start of the civil war, black families were forced to do farming practices in order to live under white landlords. There was racial violence where the black people were officially allowed to vote but they were asked to give Literacy exams and many other types of questions to prove that they were literate enough to vote, but most of them never passed these tough steps towards voting. The British Started expanding their imperial growth by capturing villages, they would chain the village women and ask their husbands to bring rubber from the forests in order to protect their wives. When White people would fear from the Blacks they would burn black churches, practice mass killing, burn them aliveShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Five Faces Of Oppression By Charles W. Mills1050 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscusses oppression brought on by racism having five faces th at constructs a society and shapes an individual in the book â€Å"Five Faces of Oppression† While some might say it is a social construct, it does not exist and if it does it is only meant to encourages people of a lower class to work harder, racism is a form of discrimination and needs to be put to an end. Racism causes inequality and oppresses certain groups of people. It leads a belief that one’s own race is superior, creates a society whereRead MoreSocial Inequality : The Land Of The Free, And The American Dream979 Words   |  4 Pagesand the American Dream. However, these ideas are sadly denatured by social hierarchies and inequality. Social inequality comes in many forms. It is a social construct that many people do not see affecting their daily lives, let alone the American society as a whole. According to The Sociology Project 2.0, a social construct is An invented social phenomenon (for example a belief, discourse, or category) that is shaped by the social forces present in the time and place of its creation The statement:Read MoreRacism And Racism Essay971 Words   |  4 PagesIs it racism or economics which hinders many African American communities from progressing economically in the 21st Century? This research proposal will address this question by examining the social and psychological impact caused by racism and the economic impact it’s had on the African American community. This proposal will further investigate whether the emotional scars of slavery continue to hamper African American progress or if racism is actually the cause. The economic cost of discriminationRead MoreWhat Does It Mean?1700 Words   |  7 Pagesoften call a race, a distinct group of people that have distinguished genetic or physical appearance, mainly skin colour, hair type and stature can be identified as a race.According to Augie Fleras,†Humans being belonged to a single biological species(homo sapiens) within a larger grouping or genus(homo) (page .173), which clearly means that race is not biological contrast but social construct also meaning that humans are socially different but biologically the same. The social construct has influencedRead MoreRace Advances Health Care Research1335 Words   |  6 Pagesand research, and should not be eliminated. Firstly, studying race advances health care research because it adds a layer of understanding between the doctor and the patient; the researcher and the subject. Race is a real aspect of human life, and ignoring it completely will make a superficial relationship between health c are professionals and their patients. By studying the behavior of physicians, a 2010 study concluded â€Å"patient race is important to physicians when making decisions about preconceptionRead MoreSsci 316 Study Guide Answers Essay978 Words   |  4 Pages For example if our society were to simply note that different groups are different, without an overt or implied status hierarchy, the issues of inequality would not be as important as they are today 2. Are race and ethnicity the only types of inequality in the US today? diversity in US today is not limited to ethnicity, race – other factors: social class (SES or socio-economic status), education, size of group, religion, language As defined in this class what do the terms ‘majority’ and ‘minority’Read MoreProblems with Ethnicity and Race in the Classroom855 Words   |  3 Pages1104: Ethnicity and Race remain significant problems in today’s British education system. Discuss. In today’s British education system there still are significant problems regarding ethnicity and race. The problems include the idea that specific races are not doing as well as their counterparts even though they may be taught in the same way yet there are suggestions to say that the education system is institutionally racist. Can this explain why some races do better than other races? Ethnicity relatesRead MoreThe Works Of Richard Robbins : Global Problem And The Culture Of Capitalism1268 Words   |  6 PagesDifference, address privilege, inequality, and capitalism through sociological and historical references. Through reading and analyzing these works along with our class lectures it has become apparent that there is a clear relationship between these systems. Capitalism causes and enforces systems of inequality and privilege. Capitalism is able to do this through the construct of social reality, the matrix of capitalist domination: segmentation of class, gender, and ra ce, and through the manipulationRead MoreCorrelation Between Race And Health Inequalities905 Words   |  4 PagesCommission on Social Determinants of Health, I have the opportunity to examine the relationship between race and health inequalities. Race is a significant predictor of the distribution of health inequalities as it is quite notable that people with similar biological traits seem to experience a non-random distribution of morbidity and mortality. There are various underlying factors of health inequalities in relation to race. This report will focus on the scientific misconception of racism, the consequencesRead MoreRacial Inequality And The And Out Of The Classroom1519 Words   |  7 Pages Racial Inequality’s Influence in and out of the Classroom Race functions as a determining factor in a student’s ability to access quality education. In The United States of America, race directly affects school factors such as policy, funding, and curriculum. Schools affected by location, such as the inner city, and high poverty rates are usually connected to a community that is populated with minority groups. In contrast, studies have shown that public schools in residential areas, where the

The Death Penalty Shall Stay Free Essays

The United States is known for its big capital punishment or death penalty mentality. However, passions in the U.S. We will write a custom essay sample on The Death Penalty Shall Stay or any similar topic only for you Order Now are sharply divided, and equally strong among both supporters and protesters of the death penalty. The death penalty in this country should not be eliminated though. First, death is the only just punishment for murderers. Second, life without parole is far more expensive than a death sentence. Lastly, capital punishment serves as a deterrent for future potential criminals. All in all, it is important that the death penalty remains in the United States. When a murderer is executed, the message to the criminal and society is that the crime he committed is so heinous; he forfeits his own right to live. Justice for All states that juries do not impose the death penalty loosely. They continue to explain that the death penalty is imposed with a sense of protection and justice, not revenge (Social Issues: Justice for All). The death penalty punishment is earned as a result of the pain and suffering the criminal has caused on the victim and the victim’s loved ones. â€Å"For some crimes, it represents the only just punishment available on earth† (Sharp). Also, our society has nonetheless steadily moved to more humane methods of carrying out capital punishment. Many opponents of the death penalty argue that the cost of capital punishment is about twice as expensive as life without parole punishments. Although the upfront costs for the death penalty are in fact higher than the costs for life without parole cases, this concept flips as the years pass. Justice for All states that life without parole cases will cost $1.2 million-$3.6 million more over time than equivalent death penalty cases (Sharp). Another factor that opponents of the death penalty fail to recognize is the cost that branches out of life imprisonment. Keeping these criminals alive in prison costs money whether it’s for the food, space, water for the showers, etc. So, why spend the money for murderers who don’t deserve it? Lastly, common sense later followed by piles and piles of statistics has proven that criminals often plead for a life in prison rather than death. In the past it was believed that the death of murderers 1) prevents future crime or misbehavior from the murderer and 2) discourages other future and/or potential murderers from committing crimes. In the present, Paul Rubin, a professor of economics and law at Emory University uses detailed statistical analysis of the available data on the deterrent effects of capital punishment. He and his colleagues concluded that each execution led to an average of eighteen fewer murders (Rubin). Not only has the death penalty rid us of criminals but it has the future effect of reducing the crime rate. How to cite The Death Penalty Shall Stay, Essay examples

Consumerism Pollution and Greater Amounts free essay sample

Is increased Consumerism a good thing? Consumerism is social and economic order that is based on the systematic creation and fostering of a desire to purchase goods or services in ever greater amounts. In other words, increased consumerism also increases consumption of goods. In todays society consumerism is often portrayed to be a negative aspect of peoples lives and purchasing behaviours, which inevitably leads to materialism. So, increased consumerism has many disadvantages, such as pollution and increased wastage in form of money. As mention in the introduction, consumerism can effect environment by causing air pollution, water pollution, land contamination, and forest degradation. This can be seen especially in industrial and agriculture production process where more waste packaging need to be dispose off. This industrial waste is usually Just dumped into river and oceans without under going any treatment process. Where else, automobile emissions are examples of air and water pollutions caused by consumerism. We will write a custom essay sample on Consumerism: Pollution and Greater Amounts or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Furthermore, tobacco production can lead to soil degradation and land ontamination. The next disadvantage of increased consumerism is it encourages wastage of money. Nowadays, people tend to purchase goods, without thing the necessity of buying the particular good. This leads to excessive spending for unnecessary stuff. Such an attitude, discourage savings for future in the case of emergency. In conclusion, increased consumerism is not a good thing because it contributes to pollution and wastage of money. Therefore, authorities should imply rules and laws to make sure that consumerism does not destroy our society and planet.

Theme in Slaughterhouse Five

Table of Contents Introduction The Theme of Destructive War Elements used in Theme Identification Conclusion Works Cited Introduction The essay is a critical analysis of fundamentals as well as the central ideas that are deemed universal that are adequately articulated and explored within a piece of work. The anti war and science fiction novel, Slaughterhouse also known as The Children’s Crusade: A duty-Dance with Death is the work of Vonnegut Kurt. It tells the story of Pilgrim Billy who is a soldier and what he went through during the Second World War.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Theme in Slaughterhouse Five specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is evident that writers, be they essayist, playwrights, novelists as well as poets use a number of mechanisms and tools to make their audiences clearly grasp what they intend to bring to light. Characters have been used to not only to develop the play but also the central ideas of literary piece of works. On the same note, motifs, symbols, plot of the story, black humor, narrative voice, and tone, have been successfully used in making the fundamental ideas of any literary work known, (Kuchwara 17). The Theme of Destructive War Among the themes presented in the novel, the Novel’s Overall theme is destructive wars. In whatever context, war has never been a good thing. This is clearly seen by what live Billy went through. He is captured and locked up in a disgusting place that is unfit for human beings. Additionally, the bombing of German town Dresden of course let a number of people dead and property destroyed. In captivity, Roland dies of as a result of clog, similar, before his death, he convinces Lazzaro that Billy is responsible for their suffering hence bringing an act of hatred between them and Lazzaro vows to kill Billy to avenge Roland death (Kuchwara 72). Additionally, Billy is depicted in the novel to have wa lked out of his son with knowing probably asserting that the two are unfamiliar with one another, due to effects of war-the separation. At the end of it all, Billy is a traumatized individual and is unable to come to terms with the negative effects of war. Within this context, human dignity is also brought to light. Those in captivity are subjected to very poor living conditions. Elements used in Theme Identification The following elements were much helpful when identifying the overall theme of destructive war in the novel; Characterization, Black Humor, Narrative Voice And Tone, Plot and/or Structure. Looking at the novel’s setting or the plot, one can easily identify the theme of destructive wars. The story revolves around Pilgrim Billy an American soldier who is not well trained and has negative attitude and perception about wars. During the battle of Bulge, he was seized by soldiers of German origin, together with other captives they were locked into an enclosure-Slaughte rhouse 5. The guards have a safe location to hide while keeping an eye on the captives; this made them survive the bombing of Dresden (Vonnegut 4).Advertising Looking for critical writing on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Billy’s experiences when kidnapped is made to belief what those were captured with him say, that they have no choice to change what fate holds for them but have a choice to focus on what happens in their day to day lives. Before being captured, Billy shared with Weary Roland who constantly tells him off concerning his lack of eagerness concerning wars. Upon their capture, Roland was deprived of all he owned even the boots, he later died as a result of clog that caused gangrene. Before his death, he convinced Lazzaro that all they are going through is due to lack of enthusiasm of Billy towards the war. Another element is characterization. By looking at the traits of Billy, who is a hero of antiwar, before the war starts, Billy is already weakling. After becoming a soldier, he ends up training as a chaplain prepared at the time of war. His character of being unorganized renders him unprepared at the time of war. There were conflicts during preparation, weapons were not there, and even his dressing was improper. This kind of confusion emphasizes a kind of a soldier who has mid manners. Having such character, Billy has the capability of walking through war without being noticed that he is a soldier? Vonnegut in his writing brings out the theme of destructive war through the use of literature elements like black humor also known as dark comedy. This kind of humor makes the audience to amuse with things that need not to be laughed against, for instance in this novel, war represents such a thing. Black humor has been seen in the description of the main character, â€Å"filthy flamingo†, (Vonnegut 56). It has also been used when describing the conditions that Tralfamadorians were encountered by the main character in the novel. All this conditions can be described as being satirical. I different sections of this book, black humor have been used to describe war. It shows that such ideas are â€Å"enchanted absurd† (Vonnegut 128). The narrator used elusive tone in his works, though it is hidden to bring out the theme of war. There are many horrific instances of war described in the novel Slaughterhouse 5. Such like events depicts for him as an individual very huge connotations. By the use of this kind of tone, there are many sorrows that audiences are appealed upon.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Theme in Slaughterhouse Five specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such like sorrows comes as an effect of war. The tone of this book is explained as being elusive because, there are many emotions. For instance, the emotions that are brought up when firebombing o ccurred at Dresden. It is also depicted when Bill in the company of Germany Guards and other POWS in a wreckage crawl.† idea was to hasten the end of the war†. (Vonnegut 227). The narrator also used the narrative voice to bring out the effects of war. In this book, Vonnegut appears being one of the characters in the novel, as he explains in the beginning on how he was connected to Dresden fire bombing. In his statement to the publisher, Vonnegut narrated that the novel is short as he had nothing to â€Å"say about a massacre†, (Vonnegut, 16). He narrates the experiences that Billy underwent while under Germany soldiers hostage, and experiences firebombing at Dresden. Conclusion In conclusion, it is from the review of the novel that fundamental ideas have been brought out clearly by characterization, use of symbols, motive, and narration as well as the tone. Among the main or central ideas of the novel, Slaughterhouse by Vonnegut Kurt are; destructiveness of war, h uman dignity, time and memory, illusion of free will and acceptance Works Cited Kuchwara, Michael. Slaughterhouse-Five’ in Chicago. New York: The Associated Press, 1996.Print. Vonnegut, Kurt. Slaughterhouse. New York: Dell, 1969. Print. This critical writing on Theme in Slaughterhouse Five was written and submitted by user Colten I. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The United Nations and the Use of Force essays

The United Nations and the Use of Force essays Established with both the unscrupulous inaction of the League of Nations and the decisive effectiveness of the coalition against the Axis powers, the United Nations seemed to provide a multilateral, enforceable approach to international law and order at its inception. The bipolar world of the Cold War and the arguably hegemonic position of the United States in its aftermath provided sundry challenges to the UN's preeminence. As a climate of great-power policing pervaded international initiatives, the collective security goals of the UN were compromised by the national security objectives of the more prominent states. UN operations could be improved through Security Council reform and funding of peacekeeping operations, combined with expansion of the judicial authority of the United Nations to force compliance with its objectives. The structure of the UN Security Council must be drastically altered to serve the collective good of its member states better. The permanent membership of the United States, France, England, Russia, and China is anachronistic, reflecting a geopolitical order that no longer exists. Though some of the remaining ten seats are reserved for Africa and Latin America, the regions do not automatically gain increased clout. During the Security Council debates on the 2003 war on Iraq, Latin America was fortunate to be represented by more influential states, such as Mexico and Chile, while Africa relied on Guinea, Cameroon, and Angola, three nations more susceptible to outside pressure than some of their counterparts. Altering or expanding the permanent membership to include eminent states from each continent would give the body a more global voice. Furthermore, in the interests of equality, the veto must be abolished to prevent obstructionist behavior. Due to the national interests of t he states holding the veto, the UN was not involved in Vietnam, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, or the Falklands War despite the fac...

How to Read and Write Binary Numbers

How to Read and Write Binary Numbers When you learn most types of computer programming, you touch upon the subject of binary numbers. The binary number system plays an important role in how information is stored on computers because computers only understand numbers - specifically, base 2 numbers. The binary number system is a base 2 system that uses only the numerals 0 and 1 to represent off and on in a computers electrical system. The two binary digits 0 and 1 are used in combination to communicate text and  computer processor instructions. Although the concept of binary numbers is simple once explained, reading and writing binary is not clear at first. To understand binary numbers, which use a base 2 system, first look at the more familiar system of base 10 numbers. Writing in Base 10 Take the three-digit number 345, for example. The farthest right number, 5, represents the 1s column, and there are 5 ones. The next number from the right, the 4, represents the 10s column. Interpret the number 4 in the 10s column as 40. The third column, which contains the 3, represents the 100s column. Many people know base 10 through education and years of exposure to numbers. The Base 2 System Binary works in a similar way. Each column represents a value. When one column is filled, move to the next column. In a base 10 system, each column  needs to reach 10 before moving to the next column. Any column can have a value of 0 through 9, but once the count goes beyond that, add a column. In base 2 or binary, each column can contain only  0 or 1 before moving to the next column. In base 2, each column represents a value that is double the previous value. The values of positions, starting on the right, are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, and so on. The number one is represented as 1 in both base ten and binary, so lets move on to the number two. In base ten, it is represented with a 2. However,  in binary, there can be only a 0 or a 1 before moving on to the next column. As a result, the number 2 is written as 10 in binary. It requires a 1 in the 2s column and 0 in the 1s column. Take a look at the number three. Obviously, in base 10 it is written as 3. In base two, it is written as 11, indicating a 1 in the 2s column and a 1 in the 1s column. This becomes 21 3. Binary Number Column Values When you know how binary works, reading it is simply a matter of doing some simple math. For example: 1001:  Since we know the value each of these slots represents, then we know this number represents 8 0 0 1. In base 10, this would be the number 9. 11011:  Calculate what this is in base 10 by adding the value of each position. In this case, this becomes 16 8 0 2 1. This is the number 27 in base 10. Numbers at Work in a Computer So, what does all this mean to the computer? The computer  interprets  combinations of binary numbers as text or instructions. For example, each lowercase and uppercase letter of the alphabet is assigned a different binary code. Each is also assigned a decimal representation of that code, called an  ASCII code. For example, the lowercase a is assigned the binary number 01100001. It is also represented by the ASCII code 097. If you do the math on the binary number, youll see it equals 97 in base 10.

How much of Yogasara's teachings close to original Buddhist doctrine Essay

How much of Yogasara's teachings close to original Buddhist doctrine - Essay Example For instance, the central focus of many religions is God or gods leading to scholarly question of whether Buddhism is a religion or not. Harris calls Buddhism, "the richest source of contemplative knowledge that any civilization has developed. Currently, there exist three main branches of Buddhism tradition; The Theravada -Doctrine of the Elders, the Mahayana -Great Vehicle and the Vajrayana -Diamond Vehicle simply known as Tibetan Buddhism, (Olson 56). Furthermore, many scholars agree that the origin of Buddhism is Northern India in the 5th century B.C.E .By meditation and analysis, Budha resulted to enlightened state of personality that marked the end of suffering and thus, upon his death, release from the cycle of rebirth (samsara). His teachings are mostly summarized in the Four Noble Truths, hence providing a basic guide for how to live in the world. Buddhas immediate teachings following his awakening focused on the key Noble Truths, which forms the basis of Buddhism. The truths are the truth of suffering (dukkha), the cause of suffering (samudaya), truth of the end of suffering (nirhodha) and the truth of path that frees indivindual from suffering (magga). The Truth of Suffering -This discourage many people new to Buddhism beginners to Buddhism .However they are encouraged by Pali word  dukkha that means anything that is temporary, conditional and compounded of other things either precious or enjoyable will end. They thus relate the nature of life to that of self, That we are also temporary, conditional and made of many parts .According to Buddhism , understanding life and death is only possible after understanding the self. Thirst (tanha) is seen as the main suffering cause; therefore, people continually look for something external to make them happy. But no matter how successful we are, we never get full satisfaction. Furthermore, Buddha observed that this thirst

The Role of Management and the Union in an Organization Essay Example for Free

The Role of Management and the Union in an Organization Essay Corporations are important members of the society as they are responsible for providing substantial input in terms of goods and services as well as adding to the growth of the country as a whole. The employees of a company are the only assets which do not have a monetary figure assigned to them yet the benefit accruing from the continued use of the employees is substantial. In a wide range of industries, the employees are members of trade unions which regulate the way in which organizations hire, fire and deal with employees including workplace conditions and wage rates etc. It is imperative that the organizations and the unions are aware of their roles and responsibilities because a lag by either one would lead to inefficiencies with respect to corporate functioning which would have a negative impact on the economy. The paper also seeks to explore various strategies which could be implemented by both the management and the unions which would allow them to regulate themselves properly as well as encourage the effective functioning of a relationship between the management and the union. The Role of Management in an Organization  As per the agency principle, the management of the company is charged with the role of managing the affairs of the company in a way which is beneficial to the interests of the shareholders. Therefore, in order fulfill the aforementioned requirement; the management is required to exercise various roles and responsibilities. According to Mintzberg, managers within a company exercise a range of roles which can be broken down into three main categories including: Interpersonal Roles As the name suggests, managers within a company need to be good with interpersonal skills and sharing of ideas and information. The roles described under this ambit include: i. Figurehead: A manager must be inspirational in his conduct and should have the characteristics of a leader i. e. charismatic and influential so that people are able to relate to him and abide by his instructions (â€Å"Mintzberg’s Management,† n. d. ). ii. Leader: Building on the above mentioned concept, managers are to act as leaders in their capacity i. e. the same concept applies to lower level managers and to the executives who set a tone of how the organization will operate in the future (â€Å"Mintzberg’s Management,† n. . ). iii. Liaison: A company is not a closed entity i. e. the company constantly has to interact with individuals and entities inside and outside the company; therefore it is the responsibility of the manager to ensure that effective and working relations exist between all major internal and external stakeholders of the company (â€Å"Mintzberg’s Management,† n. d. ). Informational Roles The managers also responsible for ensuring that adequate information is available and is flowing throughout all relevant sections of the organization. i.  Monitor: The corporate environment today is constantly evolving largely due to changes like globalization and the ever so strict financial constraints. In such a competitive environment, it is imperative for managers to keep a track of all changes to allow effective strategy formulation. It is also important for managers to seek out patterns in internal performance and report regularly to the concerned individuals for prompt action (Cieslinska, 2007). ii. Disseminator: The managers are required not only to track information but to disseminate the same to all the concerned people in a timely manner (Cieslinska, 2007). ii. Spokesperson: Lastly, it is important for managers to realize that they represent a brand name therefore, it is important for them to act in the same capacity i. e. they should be able to comm unicate the corporate values and beliefs to the outside world in an effective and influential manner (Cieslinska, 2007). Decisional Roles Not only is it important for managers to track and communicate information but it is even more important to make proper use of the information to make informed decisions. i.  Entrepreneur: Within the employment capacity, it is the job of every manager to manage a certain unit responsible for adding value to the overall corporation. Therefore. it is important for managers to have skills to resolve issues, generate innovative new ideas and assist in the effective implementation of the same (Cieslinska, 2007). ii. Disturbance Handler: It is impossible that an organization would run smoothly indefinitely i. e. there are bound to be obstacles and it is the responsibility of the manager to facilitate effective corporate functioning during these times (Cieslinska, 2007). ii. Resource Allocator: The resources that an organization has access to are always scarce, be it material or labor etc. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the managers to ensure that the resources ar e allocated efficiently (Cieslinska, 2007). iv. Negotiator: Lastly, based on the information that a manager possesses, it is important for the manager to negotiate favorable deals for the company with both internal and external stakeholders (Cieslinska, 2007). The Role of a Union in an Organization  Since employees are probably the most important asset of the company, trade or labor unions are formed in order to safeguard the interests of the same. The primary reasons why labor unions exist is to ensure that equal opportunities for employment exist throughout the company, that the employees operate in a healthy and safe working environment and that the employees are remunerated fairly for their efforts. Among the various responsibilities of labor unions, some of the important ones are as under: Wages All employees work for money and in return the employer extracts benefits through their services. It is important for organizations to realize the fact that the wages they pay should be proportional to the value they extract from the employees. It is the responsibility of labor unions to ensure that wage rates are adequate considering the environmental conditions like inflation and the consumer buying power, the time value of money i. e. $1 now will not be equal to $1 after a year; the labor unions today also take account of international trends with respect to labor wages in a particular industry and their negotiations are based on the results of the said analysis (Lacoma). Adequate Structure While the trade unions fight for the rights of their union members, it is important for the union itself to be structured properly i. e. the individuals who are the decisions makers and negotiators should be from among the workers, should have had an experience with how the industry operates. In addition, these members should be completely impartial from the company i. e. there should not exist any conflict of interest because the existence of the same would lead to decisions being made which would be in the best interests of either the industry or the employees (Lenin, 1922). A minimum of two (2) strategies/actions an organization can implement to create and maintain a conducive working relationship with unions Employee voice: In order to maintain good relations with unions, it is important that there exists an effective employee voice in the company. The meaning of employee voice in this context is the fact that all decisions made by a company should take into account the interests of the employees. If the companies make an effort from the start, they limit themselves to negative criticism from the union itself and in fact motivate the employees to work for the company. The main reason behind the implementation of the strategy follows the premise that â€Å"prevention is better than remedy† i. e. it would be much more effective if the organizations took initiatives on their own as opposed to responding to claims presented by the unions which might be hostile and might cause a rift between the organization and the unions. It is absolutely imperative that the management maintain trust and confidence with the union so that no animosity exists. It is important for the management to realize that the unions are highly influential in most industries and therefore it would be in the best interests of the company to act in a manner which is acceptable to the union heads (Lenin, 1922). Labor Management Committees: Another effective strategy which can be implemented by the company is the formation of Labor Management Committees. These committees would contain members from both the management and the labor unions. The committee would be required to meet on a periodic basis and all issues which are sensitive to either the management or the union would be discussed in the meetings. The findings discussed in the meeting should be documented and communicated to all members concerned within the management as well as within the union. This would promote integration and encourage effective communication between the two groups. The involvement of labor union members in corporate decision making would also be held in high regard y the employees as they would perceive that the organization actually cares about their needs and wants and as a result considers the observations of the unions regularly (Cain). A minimum of two (2) strategies/actions a union can implement to create and maintain a conducive working relationship with management The above mentioned strategies deal with the initiatives the management can take however it is also important to consider the initiatives which can be implemented by the union itself. Frequent Appraisals of Union Heads: Within the labor unions there should be regular appraisals and evaluations of the union heads. It is important that this activity is carried out because if the unions are headed by individuals who are corrupt or are involved in collusive arrangements with the management, it would hamper the effective functioning of the union which would not only lead to the loss of confidence of the members on the functioning and credibility of the union, but would also lead to an inefficient employee employer relationship which could be devastating for the entire industry. New people should be given the opportunity to represent the union and there should be triggers in place within the union to highlight if a potential conflict of interest is likely to take place. The results of these appraisals should be communicated to the management on a timely manner so that there is a unanimously accepted practice that the unions are subject to appraisal and the individuals dealing on behalf of the union are credible and impartial individuals. Frequent Appraisals of Union Members: Another effective strategy which could be implemented by trade unions is conducting an appraisal of its members working for the company and should put in place measures to combat malpractice and unethical conduct. It is important to note that the policies enacted by the management and the practices put in place by the unions are both directed to achieve a perfect tradeoff between employee efforts and the employee remuneration. While the unions are concerned with the level and adequacy of remuneration, they should also ensure that the performance of the employees is up to the mark and that they are actually adding value to the organization rather than merely being a liability. This is important because it would help create harmony between unions and the management because the management would perceive that the unions actually investigate instances where the employees are at fault and their malpractices and misconduct are dealt with in a timely and effective anner. As an extreme resort, the unions might even provide recommendations to the management in case they believe that an employee is not up to the mark to ensure that the skills mix within the company is as per the complexity and requirements of the concerned corporation. Therefore, it can be concluded that the management need to ensure that the voice of the employees is heard especially during strategic planning so that strategies are formulated effectively. In addition, employers also should formulate committees designed specifically to address the concerns of labor unions so that an effective working relation is created. On the flip side, the labor unions can also seek to establish strategies including conducting appraisals of both the unit heads and the members of the union to ensure that there exists no conflict of interest at the head of the union and that any misconducts by the employees are dealt with a manner which is effective and prohibits future instances. These strategies can only function properly if the management and the union are aware of their responsibilities. It is important for both parties to realize that they are important members of the corporate world and an effective working relation between the two would help promote harmony at the corporate level which would be in the best interests of the overall economy.

Why in the world do we need derivative :: essays research papers

Why in the World we Need Derivatives Many years ago humans discovered that with the use of mathematical calculations many things can be calculated in the world and even the universe. Mathematics consists of many different operations. The most important that is used by mathematicians, scientists and engineers is the derivative. Derivatives can help make calculations of anything with respect to another event or thing. Derivatives are mostly common when used with respect to time. This is a very important tool in this revolutionary world. With derivatives we can calculate the rate of change of anything with respect to time. This way we can have a sort of knowledge of upcoming events, and the different behaviors events can present. For example the population growth can be estimated applying derivatives. Not only population growth, but for example when dealing with plagues there can be certain control. An other example can be with diseases, taking all this events together a conclusion can be made.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The population of the world is growing extremely fast. Eventually there is going to be overpopulation and resources are going to run out if something is not done. We know earth is overpopulated and that a control over population can be made or at least something can be done so there is not a catastrophe. Population growth can be determined using exponentials which directly relate to derivatives. This is a tool that can be very helpful for anthropologist and sociologists in the world (which have nothing to do with mathematics). Not only to know population numbers in ten or twenty years but to have control over other things. For example will there be enough food for five billion people in the world, will there be enough mineral supply for five billion people in the world or will there be enough fuel supply for five billion people in the world. Many of those types of investigations can be determined with the application of derivatives. The world population is growing extremely fast, and our natural resources are been consumed even faster, this study using exponentials and its graphs gives us an idea of what must be done to prevent a disaster. Around this fact of overpopulation and running out of natural resources many things have been created. Indirectly derivatives have caused all this and in some way it is very useful and important. For example birth control methods are a consequence of this.

Examine and Assess the Ways the State Claims Legitimacy

The state refers to the shared ideas and expectations regarding the ordering of social life, it is seen by social scientists as a set of practices and organisations. The state is an institutional order striving to create some order, thus preventing chaos in order to ensure law and order to encourage social stability. Governments include a part of the state, with the main concern being the protection of individual freedom, the government demands the right to represent or rule some areas of society’s lives. Social scientists are able to see the differences between what the government is and what the state is all about. On the whole the government includes a group of ministers who rule and administer the laws concerning national issues, whereas the state is seen to have continuity, therefore it is not temporary, the state is based on shared beliefs concerning the arrangements of social life. The English historian AJP Taylor argued that until August 1915 â€Å"a sensible law abiding Englishman could pass through life and hardly notice the existence of the state beyond the post office and the policeman† (Exploring social lives 2009). This shows that from the end of this period and onwards across the United Kingdom the state appears to be everywhere, it shows that the lives of society have been made and remade by the state as during World War 1 and World War 2 acts of parliament were passed, the state legitimised acts which could not be contested by society as they were faced with war and great turmoil. The state is part of the discourses that can be seen in day to day life and can be seen by such organisations as schools, hospitals, housing and transport to name a few. The making and remaking of the state is also shown to be constructed by society, whereby individuals have had to become â€Å"active citizens†. This making and remaking can be seen by the members of society who pay their taxes, who comply with the speed limit, individuals who renew their MOT and so forth, on the other hand many may also unmake the state by not complying with the law, this however would lead to consequences by the state and shows that the state can claim legitimacy over such members of society. Christopher Hood (1982, Exploring social lives) a political scientist argues that the bodies that now make up the state are a â€Å"formless mass†. By this he means that the state is so large and made up of many organisations and practices compared to a century ago that it is full of complexity. With reference to the essay title it is difficult to actually decipher what legitimacy actually means, this is because the government or state have their own ideas of what is legal and lawful whereby they pass acts of law which lead to legislation, however some members of society may not agree with what the state deems to be legitimate, one such example is the evidence shown in the Exploring Social Lives DVD involving the coal miners’ strike. Although the miners’ strike was caused by the massive pit closure programme that was introduced by Thatcher and her Conservative government; the government used the state and the police to help defeat the miners’ strike. The miners were also prevented from claiming state benefits this was due to the fact that welfare benefits were not permitted to individuals who were on strike. Another act was also passed in 1980 concerning the social security act, this saw that any dependents of any individual striking would not be permitted to receive any payments even if they were in â€Å"urgent need†. The German sociologist Max Weber defined the state as â€Å"a human community that claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory†. By this he means that the state can choose to pass laws that cannot be contested by others, the state is therefore more dominant. In the case of the coal miners it shows that the state claimed legitimacy when passing such acts of law and showed they were more dominant than the coal workers. Members of society can show whether they are opposed by some acts passed by the state by having elections, however this does not mean that society can question the states legitimacy it is merely a way for individuals to question government policies and elect a new government if need be. David Beetham a democratic theorist argued that political A9363176 legitimacy can come into being from a number of points, firstly legal validity, by this he means that a government is formed, and then state agencies operate according to the rules of the constitution. Secondly justifiability of those rules in terms of local values, by this he questions the constitutional rules and asks if they are satisfactory to the members of society who are ruled by them. Thirdly evidence of express consent, this is whereby members of society can have the opportunity to either withhold or not their agreement with the government and its policies (1992 Exploring social lives). The general idea of Beetham’s statement shows that the legitimacy of a state can be if the constitutional rules are acceptable to the members of society that are ruled by them. The state can also be experienced through the census, which is carried out every ten years. The state claims legitimacy through the census as you are required by law to complete it. However in many cases members of society do not comply and choose to ignore aspects of some of the categories that they are meant to complete. Other ways in which the state can claim legitimacy is through indirect influences such as education, for example in Exploring Social Lives parents such as Jill have to make choices in the selection of nurseries and schools that would be appropriate for their child. This shows that education is an indirect legislation, although the parent can make choices as to where the child is taught not all parents can be successful in choosing the school of their first choice in addition the child cannot vote or take part in the system so the state can claim legitimacy through the educational system. Another example of how the state claims legitimacy is in the way it is connected to democracy. This type of democratic system is whereby society decides which representatives should be elected to run the country, however democracy is seen to be more than just voting it is based upon the principles of equality and freedom of speech and a way of life. Legitimacy of a state however can only be practised in countries where laws are enforced. Most importantly individuals from a democratic state have particular liberties and freedoms that are protected by the state. Democracy is a political order that happens in the majority of countries, there are very few individuals who would actually object to democracy as it would be denying freedoms. Now in the twenty first century democracy is closely linked to state legitimacy. â€Å"while democracy is not yet universally practised, nor indeed uniformly accepted, in the general climate of world opinion, democratic governance has now achieved the status of being taken to be generally right. The ball is very much in the court of those who want to rubbish democracy to provide justification for that rejection† (Sen 1999 Exploring Social Lives). The political theorist John Hoffman argues that the state cannot exist unless it is being contested. A state claims a monopoly of legitimate force, but ironically it is only because ‘competitors contest the state’s claim to have a monopoly of legitimate force that the state exists at all. A state that really did have a monopoly of legitimate force would have no reason to exist† (Hoffman 2007, Exploring Social Lives). One such example of a state that has been fought for is Northern Ireland. During the years 1919 -1921 after the war of independence Ireland was divided, this new division of Ireland created in the south saw a new independent Irish Republic, whilst the North of Ireland was ruled by the British. The population of Northern Ireland was divided which saw much hostility within societies living there. Most of the population of Northern Ireland looked upon themselves as British (Unionists). Others saw themselves as Loyalists and were mainly Protestants, whilst others saw themselves as Irish Catholics. The Nationalists and Republicans began to contest against the state as they felt they were being discriminated against, this led to civil rights marches during the 1960’s. However in 1972 on the 30th of January a march led to the start of what is known as â€Å"Bloody Sunday†.

Hazards and Changing Place Essay

Many have said that our planet Earth is mother to us all. With the ravaging tornadoes, typhoons and earthquakes that the world has experienced, with the sufferings and burdens brought about by these environmental disasters, the deaths, the losses and the change. And with the ongoing and still increasing records of undoable destructions, devastating effects and the unbearable pain due to the great looses laid upon the living by the Earth’s deeply hidden wrath, one could acknowledge the fact that mother Earth is not more of a loving and caring parent. Shortly after these hazards have occurred, a place can figuratively still hold on and still have the chance of changing the course and even its features. Changes may occur right after and along time after these phenomena might happen. Places may rebuild themselves like the way they were before or they may reconstruct and form itself into a new one. During instances, after environmental disasters such as flood, tornadoes, thunderstorms, earthquakes and eruptions have occurred, places can change for the better and develops themselves in order to adapt to whatever might come again. They often equip themselves with more advance technologies and gadgets in order for them to detect the presence of dangerous disasters earlier for them ready themselves. At the present time, natural disasters, like these have been very frequent in the face of the planet. It had been like these catastrophes are part of the evolving earth. Though they might have been here long before man has been, still the effects of these disasters are hardly taken by men. They have more of the power that man ever had. As to now, many people declare that these catastrophic activities which are environmental in nature occur mostly on places wherein poverty, crimes and sin thrive. And some, associates religion to the happenings, occurrences and the effects of the disasters. They often call places which are frequently run over by these catastrophes as places cleaned up by God. And for some, these disasters are normal to the earth since they are brought and created by nature in reasons only the planet itself knows. â€Å"And there will be signs in sun and moon and stars, and upon the earth dismay among nations, in perplexity at the roaring of the sea and the waves, men fainting from fear and the expectation of the things which are coming upon the world; for the powers of the heavens will be shaken. † One case regarding these places that have been severely struck by brutal calamities is Sri Lanka. It was in the in the early hours of December 26, 2004 when a lot of the homes, boats, belongings and live of the twenty thousand locals of Hambantota have been lost due to the destruction of a tsunami. However, not only the lives and belongings of the victims of the tsunami have been carried away by it. The source of livelihood and the lives of the survivors have been seized by the disaster as well. After the tsunami, a lagoon which serves as a place for birds and fishes and a sanctuary for most of the wildlife in the place and also the source of the additional and prime income of most of the residents of the place have been cleaned up by the tsunami carrying with it the future of the people depending their living in the lagoon. Now, the lagoon become a primary breeding grounds for disease-bearing insects and pests which largely puts the people of the site onto a greater peril of diseases such as malaria, encephalitis, dengue and other death causing sickness. A t present, still, the traces of the disaster could still be seen. However, much has been changed after the tsunami has happened. Projects for sanitation and rehabilitation have been launched by most of the government and private sectors of the society. Though the projects made by these organizations can not totally eradicate the effects of the tragedy at an instant, it also helps the people of the place regain their hope that the place that they have been born and lived on and the place that the tsunami has taken away from them can still be restored. The projects launched in the place include cleaning and eliminating the trash and debris brought about by the tsunami. Today, they have already cleaned up almost one third of the entire place and though it is still far from the end, the clean up project can help them earn money and help stimulate the start of a new and better life for them. Though it may still take more time before they have totally erased the destruction made by the disaster not only to their community but also to their lives, still, the faith of the people in reviving their place and their lives could be seen in their acts. Though the people have been fated with the consequences of the tsunami, still they believe that they have been blessed with having a chance to rebuild their place and their environment into a newer and better Hambantota. â€Å"For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom and in various places there will be famines and earthquakes. But all these things are merely the beginning of birth pangs. † (Matthew 24:7, 8) One thing that can be classified as a hazard in the history of the planet is the losses, pains and bloodshed done by warfare. Since history has been accounted, there have been many battles and wars written not only in history books and newspapers but also in the hearts and minds of the soldiers who have been engraved with pain and anger among enemies and of the civilians who had been victims and had suffered deeply from the injuries and outcomes of the rivalry. One of the several places that have been victimized by oppositions between different nations is Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Early in the August 45, 1945, these two places endured the ache and the sufferings brought by the series of bombs dropped onto them during the final period of the world war not long before Japan surrendered as an indication of the ending of the war. The bomb definitely did a very devastating effect on that place. The bombs dropped off on the place immediately caused explosions, destructive blast pressure and radiation contact which then resulted to massive death and severe losses. The stern products brought about by the blast almost resulted to the obliteration of both of the places on the map. As from great survival of men, Hiroshima today had really managed to stand after the war. These days the population of Hiroshima boomed to four hundred and ten thousand deeply going beyond its population before the war. This population burst was most dependent on the positive changes that have happened to the place after the war. Today, Hiroshima has machinery, food processing and automotive as its chief industries that supplies most of its funds. The rebuilding efforts made by the people of Hiroshima had been done outstandingly. As a matter of fact Hiroshima’s outstanding changes have been acknowledged by one of the writers of Daily Sun. He said, â€Å"In today’s Hiroshima, bustling shopping centers line covered pedestrian malls and major department stores feature a range of merchandise almost as great as their Tokyo counterparts,†. Far from the Hiroshima that has once been victim of man-caused disaster, Hiroshima now rises from the wreckage of its past. The disasters that caught the world’s attention and the most recent catastrophes have filled the everyday news; have caused many questions on the mentalities of most of the believers. Are these things that happen to the earth that takes the lives and properties of the people God’s judgment? Most of might say that this is a very simple question. Though simple as may be, this has a very compound answer. Truly, these tremendous environmental and man-made disasters are not God’s will to eradicate the sinners and clean up the homes of the ill hearted and the unbelievers. One reason why there is a complete and strong stand in saying that is because these disasters do not pick or choose who is the righteous and who are not. Clearly, disasters just ramp on everything that gets on their way and eradicates everything that needs to be eradicated. And the though that these disasters happen in places where most of the sinned dwells and people are more on the bad side that on the good side does not reside in the idea that these disasters have been sent on earth by God as a his judgment and prize for people who does not follow him. Undisputedly, still in the places where there have been cases like the hurricanes, thunderstorms, floods and earthquakes which had obliterate a thousand or even a million of the population of the globe, the people that have died and suffered in the peril, most likely are not sinners at all. And if there were or if there are more sinners than the believers, still, the fact that there are good hearted sin those places and they have been included in the death list caused by the disaster cold not support the idea that the catastrophe have been sent by God. If they are sent by God for the judgment for the sinners, then why were the righteous not saved? This question leads back to the story of Noah and the flood. Clearly, before the flood happened and drowned the earth, god had managed to tell Noah what to do and therefore saving him and his family from the judgment. It was indicated in the bible that during that time, Noah and his family were the only righteous for they are the only ones following god’s will and thus, because they were righteous they were saved from the only judgment made by god – the flood. Other examples of judgments of god to the sinners are the destruction of Sodom and the plaques on Egypt and in those two cases, the righteous were saved. These natural and man-made disasters were not god’s judgment on the sins done by man nor had he insisted on creating men that would obliterate its own race of his own life. For in his judgments, the righteous would always be saved. The catastrophe that had been arriving into the planet just recently is clearly not god’s will for the sinners. These calamities are made in order for men to repent his sins and have his time to rebuild again and revive his own self for the better. For god always loves the righteous and he would not want them to be removed from this planet because he wants them to make the sinners repent and go back to him.

The Ways of Greenhouse Gases Reducing

The Ways of Greenhouse Gases Reducing Introduction Global warming is a global problem that has raised a lot of concern. This issue has attracted attention of many researchers with the aim of finding ways of address it. The environment is vital for human survival. Both plants and animals entirely depend on the environment for growth and development.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Ways of Greenhouse Gases Reducing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Casper (2010, p. 94) argues that since the days of industrial revolution, the environment and its resources have greatly been threatened. Industries have been reported to affect the environment at a very high rate. This is because of the high levels of greenhouse gases emitted from these industries. This situation is worsened by the fact that now many nations are developing and there is a rising level of industrialization. The concentration of greenhouse gases in the environment is increasing on daily basis. Carbon sinks have been cleared with the increase of the high demanding population across nations. Epstein (1990, p. 121) points out that effects of global warming are evident and felt with serious damages to nations. For example, many nations are suffering from frequent floods, droughts, tornadoes, poor and unequal rainfall patterns, and many other effects resulting from global warming. Among the developed nations, the United States and China lead in emission of the greenhouse gases and hence frequently suffer from the effect of the same. The developing countries are equally emitting high levels of greenhouse gases in their quest to develop. These emissions however produced from different nations have a global impact. According to Ramseur and Yacobucci (2008, p. 112), the environment as said earlier is very useful for sustaining human life. For people to continue enjoying the environmental resources the environment should therefore be conserved and its resources harvested sustainabl y. This paper seeks to explore the ways in which greenhouse gases can be reduced to curb global warming. Discussion With an effort to address global warming, many suggestions and ways have been raised to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. Efforts to reduce greenhouse gases and avoid global warming are not a one man’s or one nation’s duty. There is need for nations to collaborate. A participatory approach where every member of the society is involved can be very effective. Many ways can be employed to reduce emission of greenhouse gases. The governments should enact and implement policies that are geared towards reducing emissions of the greenhouse gases. These policies should strictly encourage a Zero emission of greenhouse gases. If an industry has to emit either of the greenhouse gases, a fixed level of emission that is harmless to the environment should be stated.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The government should ensure that such industries, companies, and businesses report publicly on their carbon emissions. This will make the companies to be extra careful not to emit or exceed the required emission levels. Low- carbon technologies should be encouraged in all sectors to reduce greenhouse gases emission. This may be achieved by the government offering some donations to its citizens to install low-carbon technologies like use of solar energy. A nation may also apply principles like the polluter pay principle where a company or an individual pays a certain fee for polluting the environment. Industries may be forced to pay equally to the amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the environment. This will help in making the companies and the public to be more responsible and careful in handling their emissions and other wastes. According to Casper (2010, p. 78), Carbon sinks such as forests have been cleared for agricu ltural purposes to provide for the needs of the daily increasing population. Nations should create awareness to the public on the need to have small families. The importance of forests should as well be explained to communities. By so doing, these communities will consequently conserve the forests. This will highly contribute in reducing the concentration levels for greenhouse gases. There is need for nations to encourage companies and people within the communities to practice recycling and re-use of items. Things like polythene bags may be recycled. This reduces the accumulation of such polythene bags into the environment thereby reducing the amount of emissions when they are burnt as wastes in the environment. According to Ramseur and Yacobucci (2008, p. 78), there are many other ways although not put into consideration by many nations that can help in reducing the emission of greenhouse gases effectively. These may include holding energy management awards, rewarding companies wit h zero or less emission, promoting carbon-trading, rewarding communities with well-conserved forests among others. These factors motivates companies and communities to work hard towards ensuring that they do not ,engage in ,activities that in any way leads to the emission of greenhouse gases. All these factors when applied results to a greenhouse gases free nation, thereby curbing global warming and its impacts.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Ways of Greenhouse Gases Reducing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion The discussion above clearly points out that environment is a source of livelihood for many lives. Reducing greenhouse gases is very important in ensuring that this environment is protected in order to ensure its sustainability. The greenhouse gases have serious negative consequences to the environment. The impact is long lasting and devastating. If not addressed properly, this issue may create a permanent negative impact on the environment. List of References Casper, J 2010, Greenhouse gases: Worldwide Impacts, Facts on File, New York. Epstein, J 1990, Controlling the greenhouse effect: Five global regimes compared, Brookings Institution, Washington. Ramseur, J Yacobucci, B 2008, Greenhouse gases: Management, reduction, and impact, Novinka Books, New York.

What Makes Aphid Reproduction So Efficient

What Makes Aphid Reproduction So Efficient Aphids thrive by the sheer force of their numbers. Their secret: Because just about every insect predator looks at them as an appetizer, their only chance of survival is to outnumber them. If aphids are good at one thing, its reproducing. Consider this fact from entomologist Stephen A. Marshall in his book Insects: Their Natural History and Diversity​: In optimal environmental conditions and lacking any predators, parasites, or disease, a single aphid could produce 600 billion descendants in one season. Just how do these tiny sap suckers multiply so prolifically? They can change the way they reproduce and how they develop as environmental conditions change. Aphids Can Reproduce Without Mating (No Males Needed!) Parthenogenesis, or asexual reproduction, is the first key to an aphids long family tree. With few exceptions, aphids in spring and summer are all females. The first wingless matriarchs hatch from eggs in early spring (from eggs laid late the prior year to overwinter), equipped to reproduce without the need for male mates. Within a few weeks, these females produce more females, and soon after that, the third generation arrives. And so on, and so on, and so on. The aphid population expands exponentially without a single male. Aphids Save Time by Giving Birth to Live Young The life cycle goes much quicker if you skip a step. Aphid mothers are viviparous, meaning they give birth to live young during the spring and summer, rather than laying eggs during these seasons. Their offspring reach reproductive maturity much sooner since they dont have to sit around waiting to hatch. Later in the season the females and males both develop.   Aphids Dont Develop Wings Unless They Need Them Most or all of an aphids life is spent feeding on a host plant. It doesn’t need to go very far, so walking suffices. Producing wings is a protein-intensive task, so aphids wisely conserve their resources and their energy and remain wingless. The aphids do quite well in their apterous state until food resources run low or the host plant gets so crowded with aphids that the group must disperse. Only then do they need to grow some wings. When the Going Gets Tough, the Aphids Get Going High populations, which occur quickly in light of the aphids prolific reproduction, lead to less than optimal conditions for survival. When there are too many aphids on a host plant, they begin competing with each other for food. Host plants covered in aphids are rapidly depleted of their sap, and the aphids must move on. Hormones trigger the production of winged aphids, which can then take flight and establish new populations.   Aphids Adapt Their Life Cycle to Environmental Conditions All would be for naught if the aphids in cold climates just froze to death at years end. As days become shorter and temperatures fall, aphids begin producing winged females and males. They find suitable mates, and the females lay eggs on perennial host plants. The eggs will carry on the family line, producing next years first batch of wingless females.

Cause and effect of divorce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cause and effect of divorce - Essay Example ons in life, which affect the longevity of marriage unions especially because different individuals have different capacities to withstand such challenges. This paper is a critical evaluation of the causes and effects of divorce. There are various reasons as to why a couple may decide to get a divorce. For example, it is true to say that once a person has decided to get married, he will have made an important choice to be loyal and faithful to the person he or she is going to marry. However, infidelity and adultery have continued to be a major threat to the institution of marriage especially in the contemporary society (Stewart 28). Cheating on a person is absurd and disrespectful and not many people can withstand the pain and agony associated with this shameful act. If proven, infidelity is a justifiable reason for any person to want to terminate a marriage especially in this era of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. Domestic violence is an evil, which has continued to ruin marriages throughout the world. 2004 statistics indicate that 17% of divorce cases in the UK were because of one partner abusing the other either physically or emotionally (Lewis 44). Couples are supposed to love and protect each other. However, if a partner becomes a threat then divorce becomes a necessity to avoid complications, which may include disability or death. Every person has weaknesses and it is usually important for a couple to study each other in order to discover them before entering into a lifetime commitment. However, some couples get married without putting this into much thought or thinking that they would eventually help their partners to overcome their shortcomings only to end up being frustrated. Alcoholism and drug abuse are examples of such weaknesses, which have contributed to numerous cases of divorce around the world. Money is important but current trends have proved that it is a major source of conflicts between married couples (Stewart 47). The lack